Lave and Wenger (1991) studied various types of apprenticeships. They stress the following:
- importance of an apprentice to participate actively
- to have legitimate work to do
- to work on the periphery, steadily moving toward some higher rank
- the novices work is initially simple and non critical
- later work is more ciritical
- critical that apprentice works within a “line of sight” of the expert
- the beginner explicityly acquires skills from hearing and/or seeing th expert
Alistair Cockburn created the “Expert-in-Earshot” management pattern, the experts are put in the same workspace as nocies so that the novices can learn by watching and listening while the expert does his/her work
